Spectral scaling technique to determine extreme Carrington-level geomagnetically induced currents effects

Geomagnetically Induced Currents as Ground Effects of Space Weather

Comparison of methods for modelling geomagnetically induced currents

Assessing the geomagnetic hazard to power systems requires reliable modelling of the geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) produced in the power network. This paper compares the Nodal Admittance Matrix method with the Lehtinen–Pirjola method and shows them to be mathematically equivalent. GIC calculation using the Nodal Admittance Matrix method involves three steps: (1) using the voltage sourc...

Protection of Power Transformers Against Geomagnetically Induced Currents

The article examines the problem of saturation and failure of power transformers under geomagnetically induced currents and currents of the E3 component of high-altitude nuclear explosions. It also describes a special protective relay reacting on DC component in the transformer neutral current.

Influences of various magnetospheric and ionospheric current systems on 1 geomagnetically induced currents around the world

14 Ground-based observations of geomagnetic field (B-field) are usually a superposition of 15 signatures from different source current systems in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. 16 Fluctuating B-fields generate geoelectric fields (E-fields), which drive geomagnetically induced 17 currents (GIC) in technological conducting media at Earth’s surface. We introduce a new Fourier 18 integral B-fiel...

April 2000 geomagnetic storm : ionospheric drivers of large geomagnetically induced currents

Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) flowing in technological systems on the ground are a direct manifestation of space weather. Due to the proximity of very dynamic ionospheric current systems, GIC are of special interest at high latitudes, where they have been known to cause problems, for example, for normal operation of power transmission systems and buried pipelines. The basic physics und...